Neyman Orthogonal Activation Steering
arXiv:2610.33217v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Activation steering is a popular approach for shifting LLM output toward a desired behavior, and increasingly for generating realistic synthetic data. The standard recipe estimates a steering direction by contrasting LLM activations on prompts with and without a target concept, such as truthfulness. In this paper, we separate the estimand (the steering direction these methods target) from the estimator used to recover it, two notions the literature often conflates. We frame nearly all existing methods as plug-in estimators of the average gradient
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